Francis Halzen, Ali Kheirandish
The IceCube experiment discovered PeV-energy neutrinos originating beyond our Galaxy with an energy flux that is comparable to that of TeV-energy gamma rays and EeV-energy cosmic rays. Neutrinos provide the only unobstructed view of the cosmic accelerators that power the highest energy radiation reaching us from the universe. We will review the rationale for building kilometer-scale neutrino detectors that led to the IceCube project, which transformed a cubic kilometer of deep transparent natural Antarctic ice into a neutrino telescope of such a scale. We will summarize the results from the first decade of operations: the status of the observations of cosmic neutrinos and of their first identified source, the supermassive black hole TXS 0506+056. Subsequently, we will introduce the phenomenology associated with cosmic accelerators in some detail. Besides the search for the sources of Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays, the scientific missions of IceCube and similar instruments under construction in the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Baikal include the observation of Galactic supernova explosions, the search for dark matter, and the study of neutrinos themselves. This review resulted from notes created for summer school lectures and should be accessible to nonexperts.
Comments: To be published in Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, edited by F. W. Stecker, in the Encyclopedia of Cosmology II, edited by G. G. Fazio, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 2022
Неподалеку лежат и другие разделы этого коллективного труда:
Neutrino Astronomy with IMB, Kamiokande and Super Kamiokande: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.01676
John M. LoSecco
Some of the earliest work on neutrino astronomy was accomplished by a class of underground detectors primarily designed for particle physics goals . These detectors used inexpensive water to obtain the large masses needed to observe the very low interaction rates expected from neutrinos. They exploited the relatively large light attenuation length and the index of refraction of the water to get a very inexpensive cost per thousand tons of detector.
The results obtained from these pioneering neutrino detectors have included real time observation of solar neutrinos, supernova neutrinos, and atmospheric neutrinos. Searches for neutrino point sources, dark matter and primordial magnetic monopoles were also made using them.
Comments: To be published in Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, edited by F. W. Stecker, in the Encyclopedia of Cosmology II, edited by G. G. Fazio, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 2022. 41 pages, 31 figures
Testing Lorentz Invariance with Neutrinos: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.01183
Floyd W. Stecker
The search for a theory that unifies general relativity and quantum theory has focused attention on models of physics at the Planck scale. One possible consequence of models such as string theory may be that Lorentz invariance is not an exact symmetry of nature. We discuss here some possible experimental and observational tests of Lorentz invariance involving neutrino physics and astrophysics.
Comments: 34 pages, 10 figures, To be published in Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, edited by F. W. Stecker, in the Encyclopedia of Cosmology Series II, edited by G. G. Fazio, World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore, 2022. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1705.08485, arXiv:1708.05672, arXiv:1411.5889
High-Energy Neutrinos from Active Galactic Nuclei: https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.03381
Kohta Murase, Floyd W. Stecker
Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are sources of high-energy gamma-rays and are considered to be promising candidates to be sources of high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos as well. We present and discuss various models for ion acceleration and their interactions with matter and radiation leading to high-energy neutrino production. We consider neutrino production mechanisms in both jetted and non-jetted AGN, focusing on disks and coronae in the vicinity of the central black hole, jet regions, and magnetized environments surrounding the AGN. The IceCube Collaboration has reported high-energy neutrino events that may come from both the jetted AGN TXS 0506+056 and the non-jetted AGN NGC 1068. We discuss the implications of these observations themselves as well as the the origins of the all-sky neutrino intensity.
Comments: 57 pages, 26 figures, 1 table, invited review article to appear in "Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics", Ed. F. W. Stecker, in Encyclopedia of Cosmology II, Ed. G. G. Fazio (World Scientific)